Journal of Scientific Research and Development

This article examines the institutional gaps in Vietnam’s carbon market during the 2025–2028 pilot phase, based on information updated through 19 August 2026. The study employs a qualitative institutional analysis, focusing on the components that directly affect the effectiveness of the emissions trading system (ETS), including allowance design and allocation; measurement, reporting and verification (MRV); market operation and compliance; carbon credit governance; and international linkages. The findings show that the legal framework and basic market infrastructure have been established, but the effectiveness of some mechanisms cannot yet be fully assessed because the market is still at an early stage of the compliance cycle. Initial trading activity remains limited, with 1,210 tCO₂e traded in the first trading session, but there is insufficient evidence to conclude that the market suffers from structural illiquidity. At the same time, allowance scarcity, MRV quality, compliance effectiveness, price formation, and the linkage between domestic carbon credits and the mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement require continued monitoring and validation against actual market-operation data. By distinguishing between issues supported by existing evidence, design uncertainties, and matters that require verification after the compliance cycle, the study proposes policy priorities and a set of monitoring indicators to support the assessment of the pilot phase and the further development of Vietnam’s carbon market before its transition to full operation.

The 2016 marine environmental incident caused by Formosa Ha Tinh Steel Corporation is a salient example of conflict between a foreign direct investment (FDI) enterprise and local communities. It also constituted an unprecedented non-traditional security challenge in Vietnam’s coastal waters, posing a serious threat to marine economic security. The incident affected not only the marine environment and resources but also local communities and marine life in Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri, and Thua Thien Hue. It also directly disrupted the livelihoods of “more than 200,000 people, including 41,000 fishers”. More seriously, its adverse effects on marine economic security and the sustainable development of the marine economy persisted for several years. A decade later, the Formosa Ha Tinh incident continues to raise critical issues concerning risk governance and the prevention, monitoring, and response to marine environmental incidents at both national and local levels.

Vietnam’s tourism development policies during 2017–2026 demonstrate continuity alongside a shift in emphasis toward higher-value, quality-oriented, efficient, smart, green, and innovative development. This study adopts a qualitative approach, combining content analysis and longitudinal comparison of Resolution No. 08-NQ/TW (2017), Resolution No. 82/NQ-CP (2023), and Resolution No. 26-NQ/TW (2026), while drawing on 18 scholarly studies in the Vietnamese context, including studies on competency requirements and studies on the adaptation of tourism training, to assess tourism training adaptation. The policies are analyzed across five dimensions: goals and orientations; development approaches and value creation; linkages and resource mobilization; science, technology, innovation, and digital transformation; and green and sustainable development. The study identifies a broadening of competency requirements, integrating professional and managerial competencies with digital, creative, interdisciplinary, sustainability, and adaptive competencies. The findings indicate that content adaptation is more evident than structural adaptation, while proactive adaptation remains limited, revealing an imbalance in tourism training adaptation. The study clarifies the relationship between policy shifts, competency requirements, and tourism training adaptation, and proposes a transition from reactive to proactive adaptation through competency forecasting, updated learning outcomes, greater curriculum flexibility, and stronger feedback mechanisms linking policy, the labor market, and tourism education and training.

Following the COVID-19 pandemic, mRNA technology has expanded from a platform used primarily for infectious-disease vaccines into a broader biopharmaceutical platform. Major post-pandemic directions include next-generation vaccines, personalized cancer vaccines, and protein-replacement therapies. This structured narrative review examined publications indexed in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science from 2005 to 25 August 2026; National Library of Medicine and regulatory sources were consulted when updated clinical or regulatory status was required. Of 185 records initially identified, 22 scientific publications were included in the main synthesis. The evidence indicates that mRNA platforms offer important advantages in rapid design, partial standardization of manufacturing processes, and adaptability to precision medicine. Post-COVID-19 development has extended to RSV, seasonal influenza, combination vaccines, cancer, and selected inherited metabolic disorders. Important challenges nevertheless remain, including RNA instability, lipid nanoparticles delivery efficiency and safety, tissue targeting, repeated dosing, quality control, and manufacturing costs. For Vietnam, the review proposes a staged capability pathway encompassing mRNA design and bioinformatics, LNP formulation and analytical testing, preclinical and clinical development, and ultimately manufacturing. These priorities are presented as evidence-informed strategic implications rather than conclusions from a formal assessment of Vietnam's current national capacity.